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怎么吃才能不胀气

从怀孕的那一刻起，我想所有的准妈妈都会开始很注意生活周遭的小细节，包括：怀孕身体产生的细微变化、情绪的稳定度、注意均衡饮食的摄取等等。这些准妈妈 身体所产生的细微变化，是从怀孕初期就开始，例如恶心、呕吐、食欲不振、体重减轻等害喜现象。除了上述一些害喜所产生的症状外，有些准妈妈还会有腹部胀气的现象，引起身体的不适。

　　何谓腹部胀气？

　　腹部胀气是 指肠子中有大量的气体，即所谓的「肠气」。一般来说正常人的肠子每天约有7～10公升的气体产生，这些肠气大部分会被人体重新吸收，只有一些气体会由身体 排出，如打嗝、放屁等。肠气所包含的气体有氮气、氧气、二氧化碳、氢气、甲烷等。通常肠气是无味的，只有不到1%的稀有气体（硫化氢、氨气）具有臭味。

　　胀气的临床表现

　　当怀孕妇女觉得腹部胀气时，会增加肠子的蠕动而有腹胀、腹痛、腹泻、大量排气、甚至恶心、呕吐、食欲不振等，有些甚至还会影响到睡眠品质。

　　胀气产生的原因

　　胀气产生的原因有两个，一是吞下的气体太多，另一个是大肠制造的气体太多。

　　1.吞下气体过多

　 　肠子的气体约有90％经口吞入，正常人每天所吞下的空气大约有500～1000西西左右，空气中的主要成分为氧和氮，人体吞下空气到小肠时，氧气会被吸 收，而氮气则跑到大肠成为大肠气的主要成分。很多情况下，人体会不知不觉吞下空气，例如：嚼口香糖时、吃东西时狼吞虎咽、边吃东西边说话、喝汽水、可乐、 啤酒等碳酸性饮料时、或吃一些容易产气的食物等。另外，还有一些人紧张时会不自主的作出吞口水的动作，这些因素都会导致肠内气体的增加。

　　2.大肠制造气体太多

　　肠子会制造气体是因肠蠕动障碍，造成细菌对食物过度发酵，而产生大量的气体；或因为肠道中某种消化酵素有问题，而导致某种食物的消化不良，最常见的就是「乳糖不耐症」，也就是说，肠胃道无法消化乳糖所引起，这时只要不吃含乳糖的食物自然就不会有症状产生。

　　胃酸过多也会引起胀气，胃中过多的胃酸和胰液中和后会产生二氧化碳，而造成胀气、打隔。另外，肛门太紧排气较困难，和慢性便秘也会逐渐形成腹部胀气的现象。我们可经由直接分析体内气体含量比例，进而分析腹部胀气的原因。如果吞下太多气体，则肠中氮气与氧气的浓度会较高，如果是肠内细菌发酵所造成的胀气，则肠中氢气与氧气的浓度会较高。

　　易造成产气的食物

　 　人体内因为缺乏消化寡糖类及多醣类等碳水化合物的酵素，所以在摄取这类食物后，在小肠中不被消化，到大肠中被肠内细菌分解利用，然后产生大量气体（二氧 化碳、氢气、甲烷）。这些可能导致腹胀的「产气食物」，包括：豆类、洋葱、茄子、地瓜、马铃薯、玉米、柑橘类水果、添加甜味剂（山梨糖醇）的饮料和甜点 等。

　　产气食物表

　　食物类别 　　　　 产气食物

　　五谷类 玉米、洋芋、芋头、蕃薯、马铃薯、糯米类、糙米、杂粮

　　蔬菜类 洋葱、花椰菜、韭菜、包心菜、胡瓜、萝卜、茄子、甘蓝菜、大头菜、

　　扁豆、酸泡白菜、青葱

　　水果类 苹果、西瓜、香瓜、哈蜜瓜、苹果汁

　　豆类 豆干、豆腐、红豆、绿豆、黄豆、花生、豌豆

　　乳类 牛奶、乳制品

　　饮料类 汽水、养乐多、豆浆、可乐

　　其它 咖啡、浓茶、巧克力、油炸类、高糖类的甜点、胡椒粉、香料

　　营养师的叮咛

　　对于吃下产气食物，是否真会产生胀气？其实是以个人体质而有所差异。怀孕期间准妈妈可经由个人经验观察出哪些食物容易引起胀气，并避免食用这些食物。一般来说，除了尽量避免食用上述产气食物外，因肠胃胀气也可能是外界压力过大、情绪不佳所引起，因此，准妈妈们也要适当减轻生活上的压力，切勿紧张焦虑，并保持心情轻松愉快。

　　tips：改善准妈妈肠胃胀气！

　　1.避免暴饮暴食。

　　2.吃东西要细嚼慢咽，不要狼吞虎咽。

　　3.吃饭时要闭着口，以减少吞入过多的空气。

　　4.减少嚼口香糖、不要边吃东西边说话。

　　5.避免喝汽水、可乐等碳酸性饮料。

　　6.喝饮料时用吸管小口饮用。

　　7.避免摄取高油脂、高糖类的食物，如油炸类、甜食、巧克力等。

　　8.养成定期排便的好习惯。

　　9.尽量避免食用易产气食物。

　　10.适度运动，也可减少腹部胀气的产生。

番泻叶临床应用及其不良反应分析

作者：翁舜章(汕头 ) 番泻叶为豆科草本植物狭叶番泻Cassia angustifolia Vahl和尖叶番泻Cassia acutifolia Delile的干燥小叶。其近于成熟的果荚（番泻荚senna pod）功用与叶相同，服后腹痛的副作用较小。中医认为本品性寒，味甘苦，归大肠经，具有泻热行滞，通便，利水的功效。中国药典名Folium Sennae，国外一般称Senna。公元9世纪时阿拉伯已作药用。我国有关本品药用的记载始于近代王一仁著《饮片新参》，仅数十年历史。现代研究发现番泻叶具有泻下、抗菌、止血、解痉等药理作用[1]。近年来，其被国内外主要用作腹部及肠道各种影象检查前或手术前肠道清洁准备，主治各种便秘，特别是老年性及顽固性便秘；对腹部术后肠功能恢复也有促进作用[2]。也可用于上消化道出血、胆囊炎、急性胰腺炎。是全球应用最广泛的导泻剂。但其不良反应也日趋增多。据资料报道和本人观察，现将其临床应用及常见不良反应与防治方法报告如下。 1 临床应用 1.1 便秘 每次6~9g，水煎服或开水泡后服[3]。亦用于抗精神病药物引起的便秘[4]。小剂量（3g）治疗老年男性便秘，总有效率96%[5]。对于产褥期便秘者，每次7~8g，开水泡后服，治疗100例，多数一次即可见效，不减少乳汁分泌，通便后恶露减少。但平素脾胃虚弱者不宜服用[1]。 1.2 回乳 4g番泻叶，水200ml浸泡20min，1日1剂，分2~3次口服，56例哺乳妇女在3~7天出现断乳[6]。 1.3 腹部及肠道各种影象检查前或手术前肠道清洁准备 仇氏报道50例泌尿系造影前泡服番泻叶清除气体和粪便，总满意率92%[1]。方氏[1]用番泻叶10~20g清洁肠道，30例钡餐检查满意率100%；30例腹平片检查满意率93%。沈氏[7]应用番泻叶在妇科手术前肠道清洁以及王氏[8]在腹部手术后胃管内注入番泻叶浸剂促进肠蠕动的研究中，均有显著的疗效。 1.4 急性胰腺炎 番泻叶15g，水泡服；重症者除口服外，配以每次10~15g保留灌肠[9]。 1.5 十二指肠及胃溃疡性出血 有效率100%[10]。药理实验表明10%的番泻叶煎剂可明作者简介： 翁舜章，男，副主任药师 电话：0754-8550450-8837 显减轻由0.6mol.L -1盐酸和皮下注射吲哚美辛所引起的胃粘膜损伤。 1.6 急性细菌性痢疾 对热结型便秘的实证，有迅速退热和使大便培养转阴等作用[11]。 1.7 泌尿道结石 温氏[12]报道，番泻叶50g水煎30min，日顿服，共服2d，结石排出率76.5%（26/34）。 2 不良反应 据报道[13，14]， 番泻叶主要或严重的不良反应有腹痛、过敏、上消化道大出血、恶性血压变化、癫痫样发作、中毒、急性尿潴留、成瘾性等。对番泻叶的不良反应较轻者，可以口服 绿豆汤或甘草汤予以解毒，严重者则需要对症处理。有报道用生白芍或甘草炮制番泻叶、或用番泻叶及通幽草（又名鸡矢藤）按1：2比例泡服清洁肠道，基本上克服了腹痛、恶心等副作用。 3 不良反应分析 3.1 剂量过大 《中国药典》1990年版一部312页番泻叶用法用量项规定：3~9g，而在1995年后各版药典将其修改为：2~6g，说明国家药典委员会的专家们已注意到大剂量使用番泻叶的毒副作用。而在临床报道的不良反应中大多用量超出规定，超剂量或长期饮用的不良反应：①剧烈呕吐及消化道出血的用量为多数15~30g。②呼吸急促，癫痫样发作，其用量为18g；有用40g通便致尿潴留。③顿服30g引起血压恶性变化。④沈氏[8]用15g的剂量，病人服后在3~5h后出现腹痛不适，不少病人腹痛腹泻明显，甚至难以接受后不愿接受，减量后副作用小效佳。长期、大剂量应用番泻叶，泻下作用随时间的延长而降低，还会损伤肠肌丛神经元，引起难治性的便秘；低剂量的番泻叶有助于肠道功能的恢复[15]。因此要掌握好剂量及疗程。 3.2 使用方法不科学 在服法应用上，由于番泻叶有效成分为番泻苷，属结合性蒽苷，这些苷类成分对热不稳定，长时间煎煮易分解为几乎无泻下作用的游离蒽醌，使泻下效果降低。有些病人服后效果不好，次日不能作检查，可能与服法不当有关。而马爱华等[16]考察了不同条件下番泻叶中番泻苷的总浸出率。结果为：煎煮5min时，番泻苷含量较高，煎煮时间愈长，番泻苷煎出率愈低，这是番泻苷被破坏的缘故。煎煮5min时，番泻苷含量低于100℃和90℃浸泡；90℃浸出率最高；浸泡时间以30min为最佳。就浸泡次数来看，浸泡四次总苷浸出率为37.86%（第1、2、3、4次的浸出率分别为12.20%、9.06%、8.74%、7.86%），叶中还有相当一部分苷类未浸出，这也证实在服用时让病人多泡几次是正确的。因此，病人服用番泻叶时不能煎煮，最好用90℃左右的水浸泡四次以上，浸泡时间每次以30min为宜。也可根据番泻苷类易溶于碳酸氢钠的水溶液，取保温杯加2g碳酸氢钠，再放入4~5g番泻叶，用90~95℃开水500ml浸泡10min饮用。 在口服番泻叶或其制剂，约于6h左右出现泻下作用，临床应用时要注意避免让病人夜里出现泻下排便的情况。 3.3 辨证应用，严格掌握适应症 中医认为番泻叶苦寒伤胃，久服可败伤胃气，适用于热结便秘、气滞的实证，对气血虚、阴阳虚的便秘者，不宜使用。同时要注意抗生素是影响番泻叶泻下作用的因素之一。有报道[17]，使用抗生素治疗原发病的便秘病人，通便效果不理想。可能的原因是抗生素抑制了使番泻苷水解为大黄酸蒽醌的酶，影响了番泻叶的泻下作用。 综上所述，使用番泻叶应严格控制剂量，对习惯性便秘者，注意不可长期服用；对气血虚、阴阳虚以及晚期肠癌的便秘者，不宜使用；对完全性肠梗阻、节段性回肠炎、溃疡性结肠炎、阑尾炎、原因不明的腹痛、水和电解质丢失引起的脱水、10a以下儿童、孕妇及哺乳期妇女均应慎用或禁用[18]。故笔者认为临床应用上，单味番泻叶以90~95℃的沸水泡服为好，配伍其它药物入煎剂宜后下。饮用方法上应注意泡时先少量饮用，达效即停服，效果不理想再逐渐加服，切忌泡后一次服完，以免发生不良反应。 参考文献 [1] 王浴生，邓文龙，薛春生主编. 中药药理与应用[M]. 第二版. 北京：人民卫生出版社，1998： 1164-1167 [2] 刘 圣，陈礼明，田 莉等. 番泻叶及其制剂的临床应用及安全性评价[J]. 中国药房，2001，12（5）：302 [3] 刘沈林等. 江苏中医，1992，13（12）：31 [4] 范慧光等. 实用医学杂志，1994，10（6）：552 [5] 林梅芬等. 福建中医药，1992，23（3）：60 [6] 李 明. 番泻叶的回乳有效[J]. 新中医，1989，21：28 [7] 沈波. 番泻叶在妇科手术前肠道清洁准备中的应用效果观察[J]. 总装备部医学学报，2003，5 （3）164-165 [8] 王志莲，崔玉珍，王云展等. 腹部手术后胃管内注入番泻叶浸剂促进肠蠕动效果观察[J]. 山东医药，2004，44（8）：6-7 [9] 朱筱芳，钟伏生. 番泻叶的临床新用与副作用[J]. 江西中医杂志，1995，26（6）：44 [10] 满维新，红军. 番泻叶的临床应用情况[J]. 1993，（6）：24 [11] 金亚城，杨建华. 番泻叶的实验研究和临床应用[J]. 浙江中医杂志，1988，（7）：334-335 [12] 温诚荣. 番泻叶治疗[J]. 新中医，1994，26（11）：18-20 [13] 杨玉福. 21例长期服用番泻叶致依赖性报告[J]. 中国中药杂志，1992，17（3）：184 [14] 袁令双，陈发荣. 番泻叶不良反应及其防护[Ｊ]. 时珍国医国药，1999，10(2): 138 [15] Leng Peschlow E. Senna and habituation[J]. Pharmacology，1992，44（suppl 1）：30 [16] 马爱华，张俊慧，张兴辉. 番泻叶服法研究[Ｊ].基层中药杂志，1996，10（1）：51-52 [17] 马 莉，林昶. 抗生素对番泻叶致泻作用影响的临床观察[J]. 中国中医药科技，2000，7（2）：114-115 [18] 箫惠来.德国限制使用含蒽醌类化合物的植物泻药[J]. 中药新药与临床药理，1998，9（3）：188

CVS Binary Mode

   Here is an example of how you can create a new file using the `-kb'
flag:

    $ echo '$Id$' > kotest
    $ cvs add -kb -m"A test file" kotest
    $ cvs ci -m"First checkin; contains a keyword" kotest

  If a file accidentally gets added without `-kb', one can use the
`cvs admin' command to recover.  For example:

    $ echo '$Id$' > kotest
    $ cvs add -m"A test file" kotest
    $ cvs ci -m"First checkin; contains a keyword" kotest
    $ cvs admin -kb kotest
    $ cvs update -A kotest
    $ cvs commit -m "make it binary" kotest  # For non-unix systems

Bind: Address Already in Use

Or How to Avoid this Error when Closing TCP Connections

Normal Closure

In order for a network connection to close, both ends have to send FIN (final) packets, which indicate they will not send any additional data, and both ends must ACK (acknowledge) each other's FIN packets. The FIN packets are initiated by the application performing a close(), a shutdown(), or an exit(). The ACKs are handled by the kernel after the close() has completed. Because of this, it is possible for the process to complete before the kernel has released the associated network resource, and this port cannot be bound to another process until the kernel has decided that it is done.

Figure 1

Figure 1 shows all of the possible states that can occur during a normal closure, depending on the order in which things happen. Note that if you initiate closure, there is a TIME_WAIT state that is absent from the other side. This TIME_WAIT is necessary in case the ACK you sent wasn't received, or in case spurious packets show up for other reasons. I'm really not sure why this state isn't necessary on the other side, when the remote end initiates closure, but this is definitely the case. TIME_WAIT is the state that typically ties up the port for several minutes after the process has completed. The length of the associated timeout varies on different operating systems, and may be dynamic on some operating systems, however typical values are in the range of one to four minutes.

If both ends send a FIN before either end receives it, both ends will have to go through TIME_WAIT.

Normal Closure of Listen Sockets

A socket which is listening for connections can be closed immediately if there are no connections pending, and the state proceeds directly to CLOSED. If connections are pending however, FIN_WAIT_1 is entered, and a TIME_WAIT is inevitable.

Note that it is impossible to completely guarantee a clean closure here. While you can check the connections using a select() call before closure, a tiny but real possibility exists that a connection could arrive after the select() but before the close().

Abnormal Closure

If the remote application dies unexpectedly while the connection is established, the local end will have to initiate closure. In this case TIME_WAIT is unavoidable. If the remote end disappears due to a network failure, or the remote machine reboots (both are rare), the local port will be tied up until each state times out. Worse, some older operating do not implement a timeout for FIN_WAIT_2, and it is possible to get stuck there forever, in which case restarting your server could require a reboot.

If the local application dies while a connection is active, the port will be tied up in TIME_WAIT. This is also true if the application dies while a connection is pending.

Strategies for Avoidance

SO_REUSEADDR

You can use setsockopt() to set the SO_REUSEADDR socket option, which explicitly allows a process to bind to a port which remains in TIME_WAIT (it still only allows a single process to be bound to that port). This is the both the simplest and the most effective option for reducing the "address already in use" error.

Oddly, using SO_REUSEADDR can actually lead to more difficult "address already in use" errors. SO_REUSADDR permits you to use a port that is stuck in TIME_WAIT, but you still can not use that port to establish a connection to the last place it connected to. What? Suppose I pick local port 1010, and connect to foobar.com port 300, and then close locally, leaving that port in TIME_WAIT. I can reuse local port 1010 right away to connect to anywhere except for foobar.com port 300.

A situation where this might be a problem is if my program is trying to find a reserved local port (<>SO_REUSADDR, then each time I run the program on my machine, I'll keep getting the same local reserved port, even if it is stuck in TIME_WAIT, and I risk getting a "connect: Address already in use" error if I go back to any place I've been to in the last few minutes. The solution here is to avoid SO_REUSEADDR.

Some folks don't like SO_REUSEADDR because it has a security stigma attached to it. On some operating systems it allows the same port to be used with a different address on the same machine by different processes at the same time. This is a problem because most servers bind to the port, but they don't bind to a specific address, instead they use INADDR_ANY (this is why things show up in netstat output as *.8080). So if the server is bound to *.8080, another malicious user on the local machine can bind to local-machine.8080, which will intercept all of your connections since it is more specific. This is only a problem on multi-user machines that don't have restricted logins, it is NOT a vulnerability from outside the machine. And it is easily avoided by binding your server to the machine's address.

Additionally, others don't like that a busy server may have hundreds or thousands of these TIME_WAIT sockets stacking up and using kernel resources. For these reasons, there's another option for avoiding this problem.

Client Closes First

Looking at the diagram above, it is clear that TIME_WAIT can be avoided if the remote end initiates the closure. So the server can avoid problems by letting the client close first. The application protocol must be designed so that the client knows when to close. The server can safely close in response to an EOF from the client, however it will also need to set a timeout when it is expecting an EOF in case the client has left the network ungracefully. In many cases simply waiting a few seconds before the server closes will be adequate.

It probably makes more sense to call this method "Remote Closes First", because otherwise it depends on what you are calling the client and the server. If you are developing some system where a cluster of client programs sit on one machine and contact a variety of different servers, then you would want to foist the responsibility for closure onto the servers, to protect the resources on the client.

For example, I wrote a script that uses rsh to contact all of the machines on our network, and it does it in parallel, keeping some number of connections open at all times. rsh source ports are arbitrary available ports less than 1024. I initially used "rsh -n", which it turns out causes the local end to close first. After a few tests, every single free port less than 1024 was stuck in TIME_WAIT and I couldn't proceed. Removing the "-n" option causes the remote (server) end to close first (understanding why is left as an exercise for the reader), and should've eliminated the TIME_WAIT problem. However, without the -n, rsh can hang waiting for input. And, if you close input at the local end, this can again result in the port going into TIME_WAIT. I ended up avoiding the system-installed rsh program, and developing my own implementation in perl. My current implementation, multi-rsh, is available for download

Reduce Timeout

If (for whatever reason) neither of these options works for you, it may also be possible to shorten the timeout associated with TIME_WAIT. Whether this is possible and how it should be accomplished depends on the operating system you are using. Also, making this timeout too short could have negative side-effects, particularly in lossy or congested networks.

In Linux, issue the following command to set the timeout_timewait parameter to 30 seconds:

echo 30 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_fin_timeout

From: http://hea-www.harvard.edu/~fine/Tech/addrinuse.html

Search Engine-Friendly URLs

By Chris Beasley
August 10th 2001

On today’s Internet, database driven or dynamic sites are very popular. Unfortunately the easiest way to pass information between your pages is with a query string. In case you don’t know what a query string is, it's a string of information tacked onto the end of a URL after a question mark.

So, what’s the problem with that? Well, most search engines (with a few exceptions - namely Google) will not index any pages that have a question mark or other character (like an ampersand or equals sign) in the URL. So all of those popular dynamic sites out there aren’t being indexed - and what good is a site if no one can find it?

The solution? Search engine friendly URLs. There are a few popular ways to pass information to your pages without the use of a query string, so that search engines will still index those individual pages. I'll cover 3 of these techniques in this article. All 3 work in PHP [1] with Apache [2] on Linux [3] (and while they may work in other scenarios, I cannot confirm that they do).

Method 1: PATH_INFO

Implementation:

If you look above this article on the address bar, you’ll see a URL like this: http://www.webmasterbase.com/article.php/999/12. SitePoint actually uses the PATH_INFO method to create their dynamic pages.

Apache has a "look back" feature that scans backwards down the URL if it doesn’t find what it's looking for. In this case there is no directory or file called "12", so it looks for "999". But it find that there's not a directory or file called "999" either, so Apache continues to look down the URL and sees "article.php". This file does exist, so Apache calls up that script. Apache also has a global variable called $PATH_INFO that is created on every HTTP request. What this variable contains is the script that's being called, and everything to the right of that information in the URL. So in the example we've been using, $PATH_INFO will contain article.php/999/12.

So, you wonder, how do I query my database using article.php/999/12? First you have to split this into variables you can use. And you can do that using PHP’s explode function:

$var_array = explode("/",$PATH_INFO);

Once you do that, you’ll have the following information:

$var_array[0] = "article.php"

$var_array[1] = 999

$var_array[2] = 12

So you can rename $var_array[1] as $article and $var_array[2] as $page_num and query your database.

Drawback:

There was previously one major drawback to this method. Google, and perhaps other search engines, would not index pages set up in this manner, as they interpreted the URL as being malformed. I contacted a Software Developer at Google and made them aware of the problem and I am happy to announce that it is now fixed.

There is the potential that other search engines may ignore pages set up in this manner. While I don't know of any, I can't be certain that none do. If you do decide to use this method, be sure to monitor your server logs for spiders to ensure that your site is being indexed as it should.

Method 2: .htaccess Error Pages

Implementation:

The second method involves using the .htaccess file. If you're new to it, .htaccess is a file used to administer Apache access options for whichever directory you place it in. The server administrator has a better method of doing this using his or her configuration files, but since most of us don't own our own server, we don't have control over what the server administrator does. Now, the server admin can configure what users can do with their .htaccess file so this approach may not work on your particular server, however in most cases it will. If it doesn't, you should contact your server administrator.

This method takes advantage of .htaccess’ ability to do error handling. In the .htaccess file in whichever directory you wish to apply this method to, simply insert the following line:

ErrorDocument 404 /processor.php

Now make a script called processor.php and put it in that same directory, and you're done! Lets say you have the following URL: http://www.domain.com/directory/999/12/. And again in this example "999" and "12" do not exist, however, as you don't specify a script anywhere in the directory path, Apache will create a 404 error. Instead of sending a generic 404 header back to the browser, Apache sees the ErrorDocument command in the .htaccess file and calls up processor.php.

Now, in the first example we used the $PATH_INFO variable, but that won’t work this time. Instead we need to use the $REQUEST_URI variable, which contains everything in the URL after the domain. So in this case, it contains: /directory/999/12/.

The first thing you need to do in processor.php is send a new HTTP header. Remember, Apache thought this was a 404 error, so it wants to tell the browser that it couldn’t find a page.

So, put the following line in your processor.php:

header("HTTP/1.1 200 OK");

At this time I need to point out an important fact. In the first example you could specify what script processed your URL. In this example all URLs must be processed by the same script, processor.php, which makes things a little different. Instead of creating different URLs based on what you want to do, such as article.php/999/12 or printarticle.php/999/12 you only have 1 script that must do both.

So you must decide what to do based on the information processor.php receives - more specifically, by counting how many parameters are passed. For instance on my site [4], I use this method to generate my pages: I know that if there's just one parameter, such as http://www.online-literature.com/shakespeare/, that I need to load an author information page; if there are 2 parameters, such as http://www.online-literature.com/shakespeare/hamlet/, I know that I need to load a book information page; and finally if there are 3 parameters, such as http://www.online-literature.com/shakespeare/hamlet/3/, I know I need to load a chapter viewing page. Alternatively, you can simply use the first parameter to indicate the type of page to display, and then process the remaining parameters based on that.

There are 2 ways you can accomplish this task of counting parameters. First you need to use PHP’s explode function to divide up the $REQUEST_URI variable. So if $REQUEST_URI = /shakespeare/hamlet/3/:

$var_array = explode("/",$REQUEST_URI);

Now note that, because of the positioning of the /’ there are actually 5 elements in this array [5]. The first element, element 0, is blank, because it contains the information before the first /. The fifth element, element 4, is also blank, because it contains the information after the last /.

So now we need to count the elements in our $var_array. PHP has two functions that let us do this. We can use the sizeof() function as in this example:

$num = sizeof($var_array); // 5

You’ll notice that the sizeof() function counts every item in the array regardless of whether it's empty. The other function is count(), which is an alias for the sizeof() function.

Some search engines, like AOL, will automatically remove the trailing / from your URL, and this can cause problems if you’re using these functions to count your array. For instance http://www.online-literature.com/shakespeare/hamlet/ becomes http://www.online-literature.com/shakespeare/hamlet, and as there are 3 total elements in that array our processor.php would load an author page instead of a book page.

The solution is to create a function that will count only the elements in an array that actually hold data. This will allow you to leave off the ending / or allow any links from AOL'’s search engine to point to the proper place. An example of such a function is:

function count_all($arg)
{
// skip if argument is empty
if ($arg) {
// not an array, return 1 (base case)
if(!is_array($arg))
return 1;
// else call recursively for all elements $arg
foreach($arg as $key => $val)
$count += count_all($val);
return $count;
}
}

To get your count, access the function like this:

$num = count_all($url_array);

Once you know how many parameters you need, you can define them like this:

$author=$var_array[1];
$book=$var_array[2];
$chapter=$var_array[3];

Then you can use includes to call up the appropriate script, which will query your database and set up your page. Also if you get a result you’re not expecting, you can simply create your own error page for display to the browser.

Drawback:

The drawback of this method is that every page that's hit is seen by Apache as an error. Thus every hit creates another entry in your server error logs, which effectively destroys their usefulness. So if you use this method you sacrifice your error logs.

Method 3: The ForceType Directive

Implementation:

You'll recall that the thing that trips up Google, and maybe even other search engines, when using the PATH_INFO method is the period in the middle of the URL. So what if there was a way to use that method without the period? Guess what? There is! Its achieved using Apache'’s ForceType directive.

The ForceType directive allows you to override any default MIME types you have set up. Usually it may be used to parse an HTML [6] page as PHP or something similar, but in this case we will use it to parse a file with no extension as PHP.

So instead of using article.php, as we did in method 1, rename that file to just "article". You will then be able to access it like this: http://www.domain.com/article/999/12/, utilizing Apache's look back feature and PATH_INFO variable as described in method 1. But now, Apache doesn’t know to that "article" needs to be parsed as php. To tell it that, you must add the following to your .htaccess file.


ForceType application/x-httpd-php


This is known as a "container". Instead of applying directives to all files, Apache allows you to limit them by filename, location, or directory. You need to create a container as above and place the directives inside it. In this case we use a file container, we identify “article” as the file we're concerned with, and then we list the directives we want applied to this file before closing off the container.

By placing the directive inside the container, we tell Apache to parse "article" as a PHP script even though it has no file extension. This allows us to get rid of the period in the URL that causes the problems, and yet still use the PATH_INFO method to manage our site.

Drawback:

The only drawback to this method as compared with method 2 is that your URLs will be slightly longer. For instance, if I were to use this method on my site, I'd have to use URLs like this: http://www.online-literature.com/ol/homer/odyssey/ instead of http://www.online-literature.com/homer/odyssey/. However if you had a site like SitePoint and used this method it wouldn't be such a problem, as the URL (http://www.SitePoint.com/article/755/12/) would make more sense.

Conclusion

I have outlined 3 methods of making search engine friendly URLs - along with their drawbacks. Obviously, you should evaluate these drawbacks before deciding which method to implement. And if you have any questions about the implementation of these techniques, they are oft-discussed topics on the SitePoint Forums [7] so just stop in and make a post.

Use Wget to find site broken links

wget --recursive -nd -nv --delete-after --domains=domain.com http://domain.com/ | tee wget.out 2>&1

Got it from: http://www.shallowsky.com/blog/tech/web/webstats.html

Using SSH2 to Break Firewalls

Very clever way of using SSH2 to break firewalls and connect two networks.

FreeCall to phones

This Service seems to be good. Needs to try it out.

Random Ramblings from Ron Garret

Top 10 Myths of a Technical Person Starting a Business

菜品走味怎么办

放有辣椒的菜太辣时或炒辣椒时加点醋，辣味大减。

烹调时，放酱油若错倒了食醋，可撒放少许小苏打，醋味即可消除。

菜太酸，将一只松花蛋捣烂放入。

菜太辣，放一只鸡蛋同炒。

菜太苦，滴入少许白醋。

汤太咸又不宜兑水时，可放几块豆腐或土豆或几片蕃茄到汤中；也可将一把米或面粉用布包起来放入汤中。

汤太腻，将少量紫菜在火上烤一下，然后撒入汤中。

John Reed Website, worth a read for investment

http://www.johntreed.com/

The BusinessWeek Best-Sellers of 2003

The top-selling business books as reported January through December, 2003

Paperback Business Books

1. FAST FOOD NATION By Eric Schlosser (HarperCollins -- $13.95) The bad news on burgers and fries, by an Atlantic Monthly writer.

2. NICKEL AND DIMED By Barbara Ehrenreich (Owl Books -- $13) How the working poor struggle to make ends meet.

3. THE TIPPING POINT By Malcolm Gladwell (Back Bay -- $14.95) What turns an idea into a hot trend, by a New Yorker writer.

4. THE E-MYTH REVISITED By Michael E. Gerber (HarperBusiness -- $16) A systems approach for small-business success.

5. WHAT COLOR IS YOUR PARACHUTE? By Richard Nelson Bolles (Ten Speed Press -- $17.95) The 2003 edition of the enduring job-search bible.

6. REAL ESTATE RICHES By Dolf de Roos (Warner -- $17.95) Why buildings are better investments than stocks.

7. REAL ESTATE LOOPHOLES By Diane Kennedy, C.P.A., and Garrett Sutton, Esq. (Warner -- $16.95) Tax and legal knowhow.

8. THE RICHEST MAN IN BABYLON By George S. Clason (Signet -- $6.99) Save 10% of what you earn, then pay your bills.

9. RICH DAD'S RETIRE YOUNG, RETIRE RICH By Robert T. Kiyosaki, with Sharon L. Lechter, C.P.A. (Warner -- $17.95) Plan ahead.

10. THE ERNST & YOUNG TAX GUIDE 2003 By Ernst & Young, LLP (Wiley -- $16.95) Dig out those W2s and 1099s.

11. EFFECTIVE PHRASES FOR PERFORMANCE APPRAISALS By James E. Neal Jr. (Neal Publications -- $10.95) How about: ``attaboy''?

12. THE INTELLIGENT INVESTOR, REVISED EDITION By Benjamin Graham, with Jason Zweig (HarperBusiness -- $19.95) The classic explanation of ``value investing.''

13. J.K. LASSER'S YOUR INCOME TAX 2003 By the J.K. Lasser Institute (Wiley -- $16.95) Home-office deductions, the alternative minimum tax, and other traps for the unwary.

14. IT'S NOT HOW GOOD YOU ARE, IT'S HOW GOOD YOU WANT TO BE By Paul Arden (Phaidon -- $7.95) An ad man's aphorisms on success.

15. THE POWER OF FOCUS By Jack Canfield, Mark Victor Hansen, and Les Hewitt (Health Communications -- $12.95) Zoning in on achievement.

Hardcover Business Books

1. GOOD TO GREAT By Jim Collins (HarperBusiness -- $27.50) How run-of-the-mill companies make the leap to excellence.

2. EXECUTION By Larry Bossidy and Ram Charan (Crown Business -- $27.50) Translating business strategies into results.

3. WHAT SHOULD I DO WITH MY LIFE? By Po Bronson (Random House -- $24.95) Overcoming confusion to find your true calling.

4. THE GREAT UNRAVELING By Paul Krugman (Norton -- $25.95) A Princeton University economist takes on the Bush Administration.

5. LEADERSHIP By Rudolph W. Giuliani (Talk Miramax -- $25.95) Hizzoner speaks.

6. THE PRESENT By Spencer Johnson (Doubleday -- $19.95) The pursuit of happiness and success, as described in a fable.

7. THE ONE MINUTE MILLIONAIRE By Mark Victor Hansen and Robert G. Allen (Harmony Books -- $21) Chicken soup for the investor.

8. REEFER MADNESS By Eric Schlosser (Houghton Mifflin -- $23) The underground economy in porn, pot, and migrant labor.

9. THE FIVE DYSFUNCTIONS OF A TEAM By Patrick Lencioni (Jossey-Bass -- $22) Overcoming behavior that obstructs teamwork.

10. TOTAL MONEY MAKEOVER By Dave Ramsey (Thomas Nelson -- $24.99) Getting rid of debt and building up your reserves.

11. THE POWER OF FULL ENGAGEMENT By Jim Loehr and Tony Schwartz (Free Press -- $26) Apply the rigors of the gym to your work and personal life.

12. THE LAWS OF MONEY, THE LESSONS OF LIFE By Suze Orman (Free Press -- $26) More maxims for prospering, from the queen of personal finance.

13. IN AN UNCERTAIN WORLD By Robert E. Rubin and Jacob Weisberg (Random House -- $35) The former Treasury Secretary tells why Clintonomics worked.

14. PURPLE COW By Seth Godin (Portfolio -- $19.95) Emulate Krispy Kreme and Dutch Boy paints, and astonish your customers.

15. RE-IMAGINE! By Tom Peters (DK Publishing -- $30) ``Think beautiful...think weird'' and other instructions, in an eye-popping format.

BusinessWeek's Best-Seller List is based on a survey of chain and independent booksellers that carry a broad selection of books on economics, management, sales and marketing, small business, investing, personal finance, and careers. Well over 1,000 retail outlets nationwide are represented. Current rankings are based on a weighted analysis of unit sales.

腌黄瓜

独门秘技腌黄瓜——酸，甜，辣，爽！

偶经常去前门的都一处烧麦馆，到不是贪恋里边的烧麦，而是钟情于里边的酸辣黄瓜条，自认为虽然价格贵了点（五快钱一小碟，直径不超过十厘米的那种碟子，而 且也只是码放着寥寥数根而已），但是味道超级爽口，舔中带酸，还伴着淡淡的辣味，冰冰凉凉清爽的不得了，在别的饭店从未吃到过。于是今天就琢磨着在家里自 己做了一盘，没想到效果非常好，和店里的味道一模一样，晚餐的时候摆上桌得到了老公的强烈支持！

现在就把方法介绍给大家，有兴趣的朋友不妨一试。

主料：鲜嫩黄瓜两至三根（一定要顶花带刺的做出来才爽口哦）

调料：A.盐一勺

B.白醋五勺，冰糖一块（核桃大小），蜂蜜一勺，味精小半勺，干红辣椒四个（掰成小段）

制作方法：1，将黄瓜洗净，切成大约八厘米长手指头粗细的小段，放在干净容器内用盐搅拌均匀，待用。

2，将B里面的材料一起放进一个小碗里边，搅拌均匀，并放置到冰糖完全溶解。

3，黄瓜用盐腌二十分钟左右会渗出很多水分，把这些水分倒掉，并将刚才调好的B调味料到入黄瓜中搅拌均匀。

4，放置冰箱中冷藏一天，即可。

特点：酸中带甜，辣味适中，冰爽可口，开胃消食。

需要注意的几点：1，一定要用冰糖和白醋，不要用白糖和米醋/陈醋，否则作不出那种清爽的味道。

2，用盐腌黄瓜的时候，盐的用量切勿过多，否则会影响最后清甜的口感。

3，此道凉菜放置在冰箱中腌制，所以特别适合夏天食用，根据我在都一处的经验，在保证卫生的情况下腌至的时间如果超过两天效果会更好。如果只腌一天，也已经很不错了。

4，和别的凉菜不同的是，这道凉菜不需要放香油，以强调不带一滴油脂的清爽感。

GVIM 7.0 and netrw

Recently I installed gvim7.0 on my windows XP and I am happy with the new spell check feature. However, I can not remotely write to a ftp file anymore by using "e ftp://www.abc.com/file.txt". I used to be able to do that with gvim6.3. The issues lies in the netrw vim plugin.

To solve this problem, I had to get to the netrw.vim plugin webpage (http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=1075) and install the latest version (version 102).

To install it, you have to gunzip it first. This is insane because gunzip is not native to Windows. Although I do have it on my machine through unixutils, I don't think many other Windows XPs have it.

Anyway, after installing the latest version, the problem seems to be fixed. I miss the old good days that vim (and gvim) just works out of box.

mail-to-blog for wordpress

http://www.economysizegeek.com/?page_id=395 has a good plugin (named postie) for wordpress to support mail-to-blog, supporting picture and attachment.

Pregnancy

My wife might be pregnant yesterday. At least according to the testing tick we bought. How wonderful that is! We are being cautious and will wait for a few more days to confirm it before announcing it. :-) Sweet. Shu......, Keept it a serect!

iLBC Codec

iLBC is the Best Codec over IP network.

It is the codec used by Skype and many other IM clients. It is open, FREE, and a standard.

Find more about it, incuding the the source code of a reference implementation at:

http://www.ilbcfreeware.org/index.html

CSS, List and Float

Very nice tutorial and examples on CSS, List and Float
http://css.maxdesign.com.au/floatutorial/

SNMP On Linux

To Add a mib file to the tool, do the following:

       
   mkdir $HOME/.snmp
   mkdir $HOME/.snmp/mibs
   cp MY-MIB.txt $HOME/.snmp/mibs

And Then Add the following lines to the file ~/.snmp/snmp.conf

 mibs +MY-MIB 

Note MY-MIB here is the MIB Module name, not the Mib file name.

You can use the following command to list your new mib

 snmptranslate -Tp -IR ModuleName